Understanding Diabetes: Types, Risks, Testing, and Support

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body manages blood sugar (glucose). There are three main types: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin. It affects about 9% of people with diabetes and often develops in childhood or adolescence. Symptoms—such as unusual thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and tingling in the hands or feet—can appear quickly and require immediate medical attention.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form, affecting up to 90% of Canadians with diabetes. It develops when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or doesn’t use it properly. Symptoms are similar to type 1 but tend to develop slowly, and some people may not notice them at all.

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and affects 3–20% of pregnant women. Although it usually resolves after delivery, it increases the long-term risk of diabetes for both mother and child.

Who Is at Risk?

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not fully understood, though genetics and environmental factors may play a role.

Type 2 diabetes risk increases with age (especially over 40), family history, and certain ethnic backgrounds. Other modifiable risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, excess weight (particularly around the abdomen), prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, sleep apnea, and some mental health conditions.

Gestational diabetes risk also rises with similar factors, as well as a history of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby weighing more than 4 kg (9 lbs).

Testing and Monitoring

Diabetes can be identified through screening and diagnostic tests. For type 2 diabetes, guidelines from Diabetes Canada recommend screening every three years starting at age 40—or earlier and more frequently if risk factors are present.

Common tests include:

• Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) – measures blood sugar after 8 hours without food.

• A1C test – shows average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months.

Once diagnosed, monitoring blood sugar is essential. People may use a traditional blood glucose meter (finger-prick test) or a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), which tracks glucose levels through a sensor placed under the skin.

Lifestyle Matters

Healthy living plays a powerful role in managing—or even preventing—type 2 diabetes. A balanced diet rich in lean proteins, vegetables, fruit, and low-glycemic foods helps regulate blood sugar. Limiting high-fat and high-sugar foods is also important.

Regular exercise is equally impactful. Aim for at least 150 minutes of aerobic activity per week, along with strength training twice weekly. Even small steps—like brisk walking, dancing, or home workouts—can make a big difference.

Your Pharmacist Can Help

Your local pharmacist is a trusted partner in diabetes care. Pharmacists can assess your risk, provide education, recommend monitoring devices, support medication management, and help reduce complications.

Whether you’re managing diabetes or working to prevent it, professional guidance and healthy lifestyle choices can help you take control of your health—one step at a time.